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1 experiments were made in vivo
Макаров: опыты проводились на живом (организме, существе)Универсальный англо-русский словарь > experiments were made in vivo
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2 the numerical experiments were performed using ...
• проводились численные эксперименты с использованием...English-Russian dictionary of phrases and cliches for a specialist researcher > the numerical experiments were performed using ...
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3 Hawthorne experiments
Gen Mgta series of studies undertaken at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric in the United States from which Elton Mayo concluded that an approach emphasizing employee participation can improve productivity. The Hawthorne experiments began in 1924 as a study conducted by the National Research Council into the relationship between workplace lighting and employee efficiency, and was then extended to include wage incentives and rest periods. It was found that whatever variations were applied upward or downward, output rose, and this was termed the Hawthorne effect. The increased productivity was attributed to several causes, including small group size, earnings, the novelty of being part of an experiment, and the increased attention given to the employees being studied. The style of the supervisor, which was relaxed and friendly, in contrast to the then standard practice, was found to be particularly important. In a second group of employees, however, it was observed that, as the experiments progressed, output was restricted, and that whatever the incentive, the group showed a resistance to it. In 1929, and 1930, Elton Mayo visited Hawthorne. He linked supervisory style and levels of morale with productivity. High productivity resulted from an engaged supervisory style that encouraged participation. Low productivity resulted when a supervisor remained remote and retained a traditional supervisory role. The Hawthorne experiments established the importance of management style and interpersonal skills to organizational success. -
4 с использованием
•Experiments were conducted using [or by (or with) the use of] the optimum quantities of various dispersing agents.
•These calculations can be carried out with (or using) the data accumulated in Table 6-5.
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > с использованием
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5 ставить опыт
•Experiments were run (or carried out, or performed, or made, or staged, or set up) to determine the effect of...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > ставить опыт
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6 Эксперименты первые проводились
Русско-английский словарь по прикладной математике и механике > Эксперименты первые проводились
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7 эксперимент
experiment, test, trial• Более ранние эксперименты подтверждают, что... - More recent experiments confirm that...• Выло разработано много экспериментов для сбора информации о... - Many experiments are designed to supply information on...• В настоящее время проводятся эксперименты, чтобы исследовать... - Experiments are currently underway to investigate...• В последующих экспериментах стало возможным измерить... - In subsequent experiments, it was possible to measure...• В связи с этими исследованиями были проведены эксперименты, которые... - Following these studies, experiments were carried out in which...• Вместо этого эксперименты показывают, что.,. - Instead, experiments show that...• ` (применять и т. п.)... - In all such experiments it is necessary to...• Второй эксперимент отличается от первого в нескольких важных направлениях. - The second experiment differs from the first in several important ways.• Давайте рассмотрим гипотетический эксперимент, в котором... - Let us consider a hypothetical experiment in which...• Данная формула хорошо согласуется с экспериментом. - This formula is in good agreement with the experiment.• Данные эксперименты указывали, что... - These experiments indicated that...• Из результатов экспериментов Смит [1] заключил, что... - From the results of experiments, Smith [1] concluded that...• Изучая результаты этого и подобных экспериментов, мы обнаруживаем, что... - From this and similar experiments it is found that...• Недавние эксперименты показали, что... - Recent experiments have shown that...• Однако из экспериментов мы знаем, что бывают случаи, когда... - Experimentally, however, we know that there are cases when...• Основная трудность эксперимента проистекает из... - The main experimental difficulty arises from...• Подобные эксперименты были произведены Смитом [1]. - Similar experiments have been conducted by Smith [1].• Рассмотрим, например, эксперимент, в котором... - Consider, for example, an experiment in which...• С другой стороны, эксперименты показывают, что... - On the other hand, experiments show that...• Смит выполнил аналогичные эксперименты, в которых... - Smith has performed analogous experiments in which...• Такое согласие между теорией и экспериментом вполне удовлетворительно в свете... - The agreement between theory and experiment is quite good in view of...• Трудности этого эксперимента становятся ясными, когда осознаешь, что... - The experimental difficulties become apparent when one realizes that...• Тщательные эксперименты доказали, что... - Careful tests proved that...• Чтобы проиллюстрировать предыдущие утверждения, рассмотрим эксперимент, в котором... - То illustrate the preceding statements, let us consider an experiment in which...• Эксперимент подтверждает это, однако одновременно показывает, что... - Experiment confirms this but also shows that...• Эксперимент принес эффектное подтверждение... - The experiment provided dramatic confirmation of...• Эксперимент свидетельствует нам, что... - Experiment tells us that...• Эксперименты с полупроводниками показывают, что... - Experiments with semiconductors show that...• Эти эксперименты касались... - These experiments were concerned with...• Это было порождено экспериментами. - This is borne out by experiments.• Это мнение появилось после экспериментов, в которых... - This opinion was reached after experiments in which....• Это подтверждается лабораторными экспериментами. - This is supported by laboratory measurements.• Этот эксперимент был одной сплошной неудачей. - The experiment was a dismal failure.• Этот эксперимент мог бы показаться искусственным, однако он иллюстрирует... - This experiment may seem artificial, but it illustrates that... -
8 Smith, Oberlin
[br]b. 22 March 1840 Cincinnati, Ohio, USAd. 18 July 1926[br]American mechanical engineer, pioneer in experiments with magnetic recording.[br]Of English descent, Smith embarked on an education in mechanical engineering, graduating from West Jersey Academy, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1859. In 1863 he established a machine shop in Bridgeton, New Jersey, that became the Ferracute Machine Company in 1877, eventually specializing in the manufacture of presses for metalworking. He seems to have subscribed to design principles considered modern even in the 1990s, "always giving attention to the development of artistic form in combination with simplicity, and with massive strength where required" (bibliographic reference below). He was successful in his business, and developed and patented a large number of mechanical constructions.Inspired by the advent of the phonograph of Edison, in 1878 Smith obtained the tin-foil mechanical phonograph, analysed its shortcomings and performed some experiments in magnetic recording. He filed a caveat in the US Patent Office in order to be protected while he "reduced the invention to practice". However, he did not follow this trail. When there was renewed interest in practical sound recording and reproduction in 1888 (the constructions of Berliner and Bell \& Tainter), Smith published an account of his experiments in the journal Electrical World. In a corrective letter three weeks later it is clear that he was aware of the physical requirements for the interaction between magnetic coil and magnetic medium, but his publications also indicate that he did not as such obtain reproduction of recorded sound.Smith did not try to develop magnetic recording, but he felt it imperative that he be given credit for conceiving the idea of it. When accounts of Valdemar Poulsen's work were published in 1900, Smith attempted to prove some rights in the invention in the US Patent Office, but to no avail.He was a highly respected member of both his community and engineering societies, and in later life became interested in the anti-slavery cause that had also been close to the heart of his parents, as well as in the YMCA movement and in women's suffrage.[br]BibliographyApart from numerous technical papers, he wrote the book Press Working of Metals, 1896. His accounts on the magnetic recording experiments were "Some possible forms of phonograph", Electrical World (8 September 1888): 161 ff, and "Letter to the Editor", Electrical World (29 September 1888): 179.Further ReadingF.K.Engel, 1990, Documents on the Invention of Magnetic Recording in 1878, New York: Audio Engineering Society, Reprint no. 2,914 (G2) (a good overview of the material collected by the Oberlin Smith Society, Bridgeton, New Jersey, in particular as regards the recording experiments; it is here that it is doubted that Valdemar Poulsen developed his ideas independently).GB-N -
9 Bakewell, Robert
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 23 May 1725 Loughborough, Englandd. 1 October 1795 Loughborough, England[br]English livestock breeder who pioneered the practice of progeny testing for selecting breeding stock; he is particularly associated with the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep.[br]Robert Bakewell was the son of the tenant farming the 500-acre (200 hectare) Dishley Grange Farm, near Loughborough, where he was born. The family was sufficiently wealthy to allow Robert to travel, which he began to do at an early age, exploring the farming methods of the West Country, Norfolk, Ireland and Holland. On taking over the farm he continued the development of the irrigation scheme begun by his father. Arthur Young visited the farm during his tour of east England in 1771. At that time it consisted of 440 acres (178 hectares), 110 acres (45 hectares) of which were arable, and carried a stock of 60 horses, 400 sheep and 150 other assorted beasts. Of the arable land, 30 acres (12 hectares) were under root crops, mainly turnips.Bakewell was not the first to pioneer selective breeding, but he was the first successfully to apply selection to both the efficiency with which an animal utilized its food, and its physical appearance. He always had a clear idea of the animal he wanted, travelled extensively to collect a range of animals possessing the characteristics he sought, and then bred from these towards his goal. He was aware of the dangers of inbreeding, but would often use it to gain the qualities he wanted. His early experiments were with Longhorn cattle, which he developed as a meat rather than a draught animal, but his most famous achievement was the development of the Improved Leicester breed of sheep. He set out to produce an animal that would put on the most meat in the least time and with the least feeding. As his base he chose the Old Leicester, but there is still doubt as to which other breeds he may have introduced to produce the desired results. The Improved Leicester was smaller than its ancestor, with poorer wool quality but with greatly improved meat-production capacity.Bakewell let out his sires to other farms and was therefore able to study their development under differing conditions. However, he made stringent rules for those who hired these animals, requiring the exclusive use of his rams on the farms concerned and requiring particular dietary conditions to be met. To achieve this control he established the Dishley Society in 1783. Although his policies led to accusations of closed access to his stock, they enabled him to keep a close control of all offspring. He thereby pioneered the process now recognized as "progeny testing".Bakewell's fame and that of his farm spread throughout the country and overseas. He engaged in an extensive correspondence and acted as host to all of influence in British and overseas agriculture, but it would appear that he was an over-generous host, since he is known to have been in financial difficulties in about 1789. He was saved from bankruptcy by a public subscription raised to allow him to continue with his breeding experiments; this experience may well have been the reason why he was such a staunch advocate of State funding of agricultural research.[br]Further ReadingWilliam Houseman, 1894, biography, Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society. 1–31. H.C.Parsons, 1957, Robert Bakewell (contains a more detailed account).R.Trow Smith, 1957, A History of British Livestock Husbandry to 1700, London: Routledge \& Kegan Paul.—A History of British Livestock Husbandry 1700 to 1900 (places Bakewell within the context of overall developments).M.L.Ryder, 1983, Sheep and Man, Duckworth (a scientifically detailed account which deals with Bakewell within the context of its particular subject).AP -
10 Hancock, Walter
[br]b. 16 June 1799 Marlborough, Wiltshire, England d. 14 May 1852[br]English engineer and promoter of steam locomotion on common roads.[br]He was the sixth son of James Hancock, a cabinet-maker and merchant of Marlborough, Wiltshire. Initially Walter was apprenticed to a watchmaker and jeweller in London, but he soon turned his attention to engineering. In 1824 he invented a steam engine in which the cylinder and piston were replaced by two flexible bags of several layers of canvas and rubber solution, which were alternately filled with steam. The engine worked satisfactorily at Hancock's works in Stratford and its simplicity and lightness suggested its suitability for road carriages. Initial experiments were not very successful, but Hancock continued to experiment. After many trials in and around London, the Infant began a regular run between Stratford and London in February 1831. The following year he built the Era for the London and Brighton Steam Carriage Company. The Enterprise was next put on the road, by the London and Paddington Steam Carriage Company in April 1833. The Autopsy started to run from Finsbury Square to Pentonville in October of the same year and ran alternately with the Erin between the City and Paddington. Hancock's interest in steam road locomotion continued until about 1840, by which time he had built ten carriages. But by then public interest had declined and most of the companies involved had failed. Later, he turned his attention to indiarubber, working with his brother Thomas Hancock. In 1843 he obtained a patent for cutting rubber into sheets and for a method of preparing a solution of rubber.[br]Bibliography1838, Narrative of Twelve Years of Experiments (1824–1836) Demonstrative of the Practicability and Advantages of Employing Steam Carriages on Common Roads, London.IMcN -
11 Ransome, Frederick
[br]b. 18 June 1818 Rushmere, Suffolk, Englandd. 19 April 1893 London, England[br]English engineer and inventor of a type of artificial stone.[br]Frederick Ransome was the son of James Ransome (1782–1849) and grandson of Robert Ransome, founder of the well-known Ipswich firm of engineers. He did not become a partner in the family firm, but devoted his life to experiments to develop an artificial stone. These experiments were recorded in a paper which he presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1848 and in a long series of over thirty patents dating from 1844. The material so formed was a sandstone, the particles of which were bonded together by a silicate of lime. It could be moulded into any required form while in its initial soft state, and when hard was suitable for surface-dressing or carving. It was used for many public buildings, but time proved it unsuitable for outside work. Ransome also used his artificial stone to make grinding wheels by incorporating emery powder in the mixture. These were found to be much superior to those made of natural stone. Another use of the artificial stone was in a porous form which could be used as a filter. In later years Ransome turned his attention to the manufacture of Portland cement and of a cheaper substitute incorporating blast-furnace slag. He also invented a rotary kiln for burning the cement, the first of these being built in 1887. It was 26 ft (7.9 m) long and 5 ft (1.5 m) in diameter; although reasonably successful, the development of such kilns of much greater length was carried out in America rather than England. Ransome was elected an Associate of the Institution of Civil Engineers in 1848 and served as an Associate of[br]Bibliography1848, "On the manufacture of artificial stone with a silica base", Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers 7:57.RTS -
12 estrógeno
m.estrogen, female hormone, oestrogen.* * *► adjetivo1 oestrogenic (US estrogenic)1 oestrogen (US estrogen)————————1 oestrogen (US estrogen)* * *SM oestrogen, estrogen (EEUU)* * *masculino estrogen** * *= oestrogen [estrogen, -USA].Ex. Two experiments were conducted to understand the influence of estrogen exposure on cardiovascular responses to acute stress measured by impedance cardiography.* * *masculino estrogen** * *= oestrogen [estrogen, -USA].Ex: Two experiments were conducted to understand the influence of estrogen exposure on cardiovascular responses to acute stress measured by impedance cardiography.
* * *estrogen** * *
estrógeno m Biol oestrogen
' estrógeno' also found in these entries:
English:
estrogen
* * *estrógeno nmoestrogen* * *m estrogen, Br tboestrogen* * *estrógeno nm: estrogen -
13 на ... воздухе
На (открытом) воздухеTests were conducted in open air.The environmental experiments were conducted out of doors.The prototype plate for outdoor experiments was 122 cm long.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > на ... воздухе
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14 Brotan, Johann
SUBJECT AREA: Railways and locomotives[br]b. 24 June 1843 Kattau, Bohemia (now in the Czech Republic)d. 20 November 1923 Vienna, Austria[br]Czech engineer, pioneer of the watertube firebox for steam locomotive boilers.[br]Brotan, who was Chief Engineer of the main workshops of the Royal Austrian State Railways at Gmund, found that locomotive inner fireboxes of the usual type were both expensive, because the copper from which they were made had to be imported, and short-lived, because of corrosion resulting from the use of coal with high sulphur content. He designed a firebox of which the side and rear walls comprised rows of vertical watertubes, expanded at their lower ends into a tubular foundation ring and at the top into a longitudinal water/steam drum. This projected forward above the boiler barrel (which was of the usual firetube type, though of small diameter), to which it was connected. Copper plates were eliminated, as were firebox stays.The first boiler to incorporate a Brotan firebox was built at Gmund under the inventor's supervision and replaced the earlier boiler of a 0−6−0 in 1901. The increased radiantly heated surface was found to produce a boiler with very good steaming qualities, while the working pressure too could be increased, with consequent fuel economies. Further locomotives in Austria and, experimentally, elsewhere were equipped with Brotan boilers.Disadvantages of the boiler were the necessity of keeping the tubes clear of scale, and a degree of structural weakness. The Swiss engineer E. Deffner improved the latter aspect by eliminating the forward extension of the water/steam drum, replacing it with a large-diameter boiler barrel with the rear section of tapered wagon-top type so that the front of the water/steam drum could be joined directly to the rear tubeplate. The first locomotives to be fitted with this Brotan-Deffner boiler were two 4−6−0s for the Swiss Federal Railways in 1908 and showed very favourable results. However, steam locomotive development ceased in Switzerland a few years later in favour of electrification, but boilers of the Brotan-Deffner type and further developments of it were used in many other European countries, notably Hungary, where more than 1,000 were built. They were also used experimentally in the USA: for instance, Samuel Vauclain, as President of Baldwin Locomotive Works, sent his senior design engineer to study Hungarian experience and then had a high-powered 4−8−0 built with a watertube firebox. On stationary test this produced the very high figure of 4,515 ihp (3,370 kW), but further development work was frustrated by the trade depression commencing in 1929. In France, Gaston du Bousquet had obtained good results from experimental installations of Brotan-Deffner-type boilers, and incorporated one into one of his high-powered 4−6−4s of 1910. Experiments were terminated suddenly by his death, followed by the First World War, but thirty-five years later André Chapelon proposed using a watertube firebox to obtain the high pressure needed for a triple-expansion, high-powered, steam locomotive, development of which was overtaken by electrification.[br]Further ReadingG.Szontagh, 1991, "Brotan and Brotan-Deffner type fireboxes and boilers applied to steam locomotives", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 62 (an authoritative account of Brotan boilers).PJGR -
15 проводить эксперименты
Проводить экспериментыIn the research to be reported here, experiments are performed in which heat-transfer coefficients are measured internal to a heat exchanger.To investigate the effect of non-sphericity of particles on the pressure drop across Venturi, experiments were conducted with irregularly shaped coal particles.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > проводить эксперименты
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16 Strutt, Jedediah
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 26 July 1726 South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, Englandd. 7 May 1797 Derby, England[br]English inventor of a machine for making ribbed knitting.[br]Jedediah Strutt was the second of three sons of William, a small farmer and maltster at South Normanton, near Alfreton, Derbyshire, where the only industry was a little framework knitting. At the age of 14 Jedediah was apprenticed to Ralph Massey, a wheelwright near Derby, and lodged with the Woollats, whose daughter Elizabeth he later married in 1755. He moved to Leicester and in 1754 started farming at Blackwell, where an uncle had died and left him the stock on his farm. It was here that he made his knitting invention.William Lee's knitting machine remained in virtually the same form as he left it until the middle of the eighteenth century. The knitting industry moved away from London into the Midlands and in 1730 a Nottingham workman, using Indian spun yarn, produced the first pair of cotton hose ever made by mechanical means. This industry developed quickly and by 1750 was providing employment for 1,200 frameworkers using both wool and cotton in the Nottingham and Derby areas. It was against this background that Jedediah Strutt obtained patents for his Derby rib machine in 1758 and 1759.The machine was a highly ingenious mechanism, which when placed in front of an ordinary stocking frame enabled the fashionable ribbed stockings to be made by machine instead of by hand. To develop this invention, he formed a partnership first with his brother-in-law, William Woollat, and two leading Derby hosiers, John Bloodworth and Thomas Stamford. This partnership was dissolved in 1762 and another was formed with Woollat and the Nottingham hosier Samuel Need. Strutt's invention was followed by a succession of innovations which enabled framework knitters to produce almost every kind of mesh on their machines. In 1764 the stocking frame was adapted to the making of eyelet holes, and this later lead to the production of lace. In 1767 velvet was made on these frames, and two years later brocade. In this way Strutt's original invention opened up a new era for knitting. Although all these later improvements were not his, he was able to make a fortune from his invention. In 1762 he was made a freeman of Nottingham, but by then he was living in Derby. His business at Derby was concerned mainly with silk hose and he had a silk mill there.It was partly his need for cotton yarn and partly his wealth which led him into partnership with Richard Arkwright, John Smalley and David Thornley to exploit Arkwright's patent for spinning cotton by rollers. Together with Samuel Need, they financed the Arkwright partnership in 1770 to develop the horse-powered mill in Nottingham and then the water-powered mill at Cromford. Strutt gave advice to Arkwright about improving the machinery and helped to hold the partnership together when Arkwright fell out with his first partners. Strutt was also involved, in London, where he had a house, with the parliamentary proceedings over the passing of the Calico Act in 1774, which opened up the trade in British-manufactured all-cotton cloth.In 1776 Strutt financed the construction of his own mill at Helper, about seven miles (11 km) further down the Derwent valley below Cromford. This was followed by another at Milford, a little lower on the river. Strutt was also a partner with Arkwright and others in the mill at Birkacre, near Chorley in Lancashire. The Strutt mills were developed into large complexes for cotton spinning and many experiments were later carried out in them, both in textile machinery and in fireproof construction for the mills themselves. They were also important training schools for engineers.Elizabeth Strutt died in 1774 and Jedediah never married again. The family seem to have lived frugally in spite of their wealth, probably influenced by their Nonconformist background. He had built a house near the mills at Milford, but it was in his Derby house that Jedediah died in 1797. By the time of his death, his son William had long been involved with the business and became a more important cotton spinner than Jedediah.[br]Bibliography1758. British patent no. 722 (Derby rib machine). 1759. British patent no. 734 (Derby rib machine).Further ReadingFor the involvement of Strutt in Arkwright's spinning ventures, there are two books, the earlier of which is R.S.Fitton and A.P.Wadsworth, 1958, The Strutts and the Arkwrights, 1758–1830, Manchester, which has most of the details about Strutt's life. This has been followed by R.S.Fitton, 1989, The Arkwrights, Spinners of Fortune, Manchester.R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (for a general background to the textile industry of the period).W.Felkin, 1967, History of the Machine-wrought Hosiery and Lace Manufactures, reprint, Newton Abbot (orig. pub. 1867) (covers Strutt's knitting inventions).RLH -
17 исходя из предположения, что
•We simplify this notation to... with the understanding that the hydrogens are bound to...
•We start with isolated atoms in the belief that the electron wave...
•Forced circulation evaporators were studied, based on the belief that such evaporation would result in...
•The emitted resistance can be calculated on the assumption (or assuming) Ne, = Nl.
•On this assumption most experiments were made with specimens of window glass.
•With this assumption we use the transformation of...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исходя из предположения, что
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18 исходя из предположения, что
•We simplify this notation to... with the understanding that the hydrogens are bound to...
•We start with isolated atoms in the belief that the electron wave...
•Forced circulation evaporators were studied, based on the belief that such evaporation would result in...
•The emitted resistance can be calculated on the assumption (or assuming) Ne, = Nl.
•On this assumption most experiments were made with specimens of window glass.
•With this assumption we use the transformation of...
Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > исходя из предположения, что
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19 серия опытов
Серия опытовTo further explore the effects of the imposed thermal conditions, still another series of runs was made.A preliminary series of tests was also carried out with ethylene (C2H4) as the carbon species.Two mutually complementary sets of experiments were performed to study the flow fields created by the presence of a segmental orifice plate in a circular tube.Two sets of tests, the first at 1140 K in air flow and the second at 1150 K in simulated dry flue gas, were completed.The test study was divided into five test series.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > серия опытов
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20 экспериментальная работа проводилась в меньшем объёме
Экспериментальная работа проводилась в меньшем объёме-- Those experiments were generally of a more limited scope than the present in that neither buoyancy effects nor the influence of heating orientation were investigated.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > экспериментальная работа проводилась в меньшем объёме
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